Welcome to SeptemberPhoto byDALL-E 3

You may have noticed that September sounds like the Latin word for Seven. And you’d be perceptive — septem is the Latin word for seven, and this month used to be the seventh month of the ancient Roman calendar.

This Latin numbering follows with the year’s remaining months, as highlighted below: eight/oct, nine/nov, ten/dec.

A Little Calendar History

Legend has it that this calendar, around 753 BC, was started by Romulus – the founder and first king of Rome – as I describe in my article on the Founding of Rome. The months counted up as follows:

1. Martius – 31 Days
2. Aprilis – 30 Days
3. Maius – 31 Days
4. Iunius – 30 Days
5. Quintilis – 31 Days
6. Sextilis – 30 Days
7. September – 30 Days
8. October – 31 Days
9. November – 30 Days
10. December – 30 Days

It Doesn’t Add Up

This adds up to only 304 days, not enough to cover all four seasons without winter holidays. King Numa Pompilius reformed the calendar around 700 BC so that January and February were added to the beginning of the year.

Calendar Going Imperial

As I’ve written before, Quintiles was renamed July in honor of Julius Caesar in 44 BC. Sextilis was renamed August in honor of Caesar Augustus in 8 BC. Emperor Commodus, son of Marcus Aurelius — made (in)famous by the movie Gladiator — tried to rename a month after himself, but this was repealed after his assassination in AD 192.

Changes to the Roman calendar could only be made by the Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs in ancient Rome. When Julius Caesar became pontifex maximus, he reformed the calendar by eliminating the intercalary months previously to “pad” the calendar to fit the 365 days in a solar year.

Calendar Reform

Gregorian calendarPhoto byScience Source

Gregorian calendar. Image: Science Source

The Julian Calendar reform began with Julius and was completed with Augustus. For a millennium and a half, the Julian Calendar was used until Pope Gregory XIII introduced what became known as the Gregorian (or Western, or Christian) Calendar in 1582. We use the Gregorian Calendar not only in the West but also in other parts of the world.

September as the Start of the Fall

September is the astronomical start of Fall, with the Autumnal Equinox. It used to be that September was the time of the return of students to school for the Fall term, following harvest time.

During Charlemagne‘s time in the early 9th century, September was called “harvest month,” the Anglo-Saxons called it Gerstmonath or barley month, referring to its harvest, and the Swiss call it Herbstmonat or “harvest month.”

See you in September.

Bill Petro, your friendly neighborhood historian