Tiny tech takes on obesity: New nanoparticles target fat absorption in gut

Researchers have introduced a groundbreaking method to combat obesity: targeting fat absorption in the small intestine using a novel nanoparticle delivery system.

This innovative approach, designed to transport therapeutic molecules directly to the digestive tract, shows great promise in preventing diet-induced obesity. Previous research on fat metabolism has struggled to find an effective way to block fat absorption, but this study offers a fresh and promising solution.

“For years, researchers have studied fat metabolism, but finding an effective way to block fat absorption has been difficult,” explained Dr. Wentao Shao, the study’s lead researcher.

“While most strategies focus on reducing dietary fat intake, our approach targets the body’s fat absorption process directly.”

Targeting intestinal fat absorption

The study focuses on the enzyme Sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2), which is key to fat absorption within the small intestine. By inhibiting this enzyme, the researchers have uncovered a potential new avenue to reduce fat intake and help prevent obesity.

To achieve this, the research team developed an advanced nanoparticle-based delivery system. These nanoparticles, tiny capsules made from a polymer core and encased in a protective shell, were specifically designed to carry small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to the small intestine.

The siRNAs work by reducing SOAT2 expression, effectively inhibiting fat absorption. In mouse model experiments, animals treated with the nanoparticle therapy absorbed significantly less fat, even when fed a high-fat diet, and successfully avoided obesity. “This oral treatment offers several advantages,” said Dr. Shao. “It’s non-invasive, has low toxicity, and has high potential for better patient compliance compared to current obesity treatments, which are often invasive or difficult to maintain. This makes it a promising alternative.”

Protecting the liver

The study also delves into the mechanics of how SOAT2 regulates fat absorption. This dual mechanism limits the body’s ability to absorb fats, providing a more efficient way to combat obesity.

One key benefit of this intestine-specific approach is its ability to avoid potential risks seen with earlier methods targeting SOAT2 in the liver . Previous studies found that inhibiting SOAT2 in the liver led to fat accumulation, increasing the risk of fatty liver disease.

This new treatment circumvents that problem by focusing exclusively on intestinal SOAT2, offering a safer and more precise strategy for tackling obesity.

Professor Zhaoyan Jiang, who supervised the study, emphasized the significance of this liver-sparing approach. “One of the most exciting aspects of this therapy is its ability to target fat absorption in the intestines without affecting the liver,” he explained in the press release .

“This is important because previous studies showed that blocking SOAT2 in the liver can lead to fat buildup there—a risk our treatment avoids by focusing only on intestinal SOAT2.”

Next steps

The research team plans to conduct further studies using larger animal models to verify the therapy’s effectiveness and safety for potential use in humans.

While the initial results in mice are encouraging, these follow-up studies will be crucial in determining whether the nanoparticle system could become a viable option for treating human obesity.

If future trials confirm its safety and efficacy, this nanoparticle therapy could provide a much-needed alternative for people struggling with obesity, offering a non-invasive treatment that directly targets the body’s ability to absorb fat.

With obesity rates continuing to rise globally, this new approach offers a ray of hope in the search for more effective and sustainable solutions to manage weight and improve health outcomes.

The study was published in the journal Advanced Science .