Americans are well aware that many investors don’t have enough saved for the retirement of their dreams. But that doesn’t mean they’re not doing anything about it. Participants in retirement savings plans socked money away at historic rates in 2023, according to Vanguard. The majority of those contributions — 64% — went into target-date funds.
These set-it-and-forget-it funds are mainstays of retirement savings plans, whether you invest through a workplace plan, such as a 401(k) or 403(b) , or independently. You make a single decision — pick the fund with the target year that’s closest to the time you plan to retire — and investment experts handle everything else.
They decide how much to invest in stocks, bonds and other assets; which funds to buy; and whether you need to beef up your exposure to emerging-markets stocks or shrink your government-bond holdings. And with every passing year, they adjust the holdings to a more conservative mix as you age. In other words, target-date strategies aim to make investing easy.
The knock on these funds is that only your age is factored into the equation. Other considerations, such as your tolerance for risk, how much you’ve saved already and whether you have a pension, get no attention.
“People with different goals and different financial situations may not need the same allocation just because they are retiring in the same year,” says David Edmisten , an adviser at Next Phase Financial Planning in Prescott, Ariz.
Even so, if you’re struggling with how to invest your retirement savings, target-date funds are an easy and solid option. “It’s better than not investing at all or trying to do it yourself if it’s not your passion or your area of expertise,” says Eric Figueroa , an adviser at Hesperian Wealth in Folsom, Calif.
To help you understand your workplace offering, or to help you choose a fund on your own, we took a closer look at the six most popular target-date series, measured by net inflows (the sum of money going in minus the money going out). We’ve included our highlights and lowlights for each strategy below. Before we get to those reviews, however, we have some developments in target-date land to share. (All returns and data throughout the article are through July 31, unless otherwise noted.)
Like ducks on a pond
On the outside, target-date funds make investing look effortless, but there’s a lot happening beneath the surface. Yet fees remain fairly low. U.S. target-date mutual funds have an average expense ratio of 0.68%. By contrast, U.S. stock funds have an average expense ratio of 1.04%; taxable bond mutual funds, 0.83%.
Diversification along the target-date “glide path” — the shift in the mix of assets in each fund over time — continues to evolve. In 2022, to give one example, BlackRock LifePath Index funds ditched a long-standing strategy of holding a single U.S. aggregate bond index fund to represent its fixed-income allocation in favor of holding a handful of bond sector funds.
The move enables managers to fine-tune the portfolio’s interest rate sensitivity and credit quality across the series’ glide path, says Nick Nefouse , BlackRock’s head of retirement solutions. “We’re constantly incorporating the findings of our new research into the portfolio.”
Finally, two new varieties of target-date funds may arrive soon in your 401(k) plan. Personalized target-date funds, for example, will move beyond age-only considerations and customize a glide path just for you based on your age, salary, account balance, savings rate and employer contribution. Capital Group and Pimco offer bespoke target-date funds (and later this fall, so will T. Rowe Price) for employees at a handful of companies.
For now, large firms that offer a pension are most interested in these products, says T. Rowe Price’s Wyatt Lee , head of target-date strategies. “They want a glide path that’s tailored to their employees’ situation,” which they view as different from that of the broad population.
Another emerging type of target-date fund helps investors with spending in retirement. These strategies incorporate an annuity into the asset mix at some point along the glide path in order to offer steady income in retirement. Ten fund firms have launched a target-date fund with the option of guaranteed income, according to Morningstar. BlackRock’s LifePath Paycheck and Nuveen Lifecycle Income are two that became available in some 401(k) plans this year.
“More and more, people are thinking about how to make those assets last and support someone’s expenses in retirement,” says Price’s Lee.
Our reviews of the most popular target-date funds are below, listed alphabetically. Target-date funds typically have several share classes (aimed at different types of investors), with varying expenses. The data we cite for each target-date series is for the oldest mutual fund share class, which is often but not always the biggest in terms of assets.
American Funds Target Date Retirement
Capital Group ’s target-date funds have posted the best returns, relative to their peers in each vintage, of any other fund family highlighted here. For example, over each of the past 11 calendar years since 2013, the 2035 Target Date Retirement fund has outpaced its typical peer.
Highlights: Over the past decade, each vintage of American Funds’ target-date retirement funds has been less volatile than its respective peer, too. Actively managed American funds fill the target-date portfolios, and many of the underlying funds earn high marks from Morningstar.
Expense ratios hover at an average of 0.39% for the oldest share class of these target-date funds. Although that’s more than a target-date series made up entirely of index funds charges, it’s dirt cheap for active managers.
Lowlights: Although we are fans of some of the underlying holdings in this series, such as New Perspective and American Balanced, we’re cool about others, including Growth Fund of America and AMCAP, which have posted middling returns relative to peers in recent years.
Blackrock Lifepath Index
Research drives the investment decisions at LifePath Index . The glide path is aggressive, with a nearly all-stock allocation (96%) at the start. But the shift in the asset mix ends in the target year with roughly 40% in stocks. Says BlackRock’s Nefouse, “Our research shows that the best way to maximize spending power is to maintain a fixed asset allocation in retirement.”
Highlights: These funds are cheap. The average annual fee for the oldest share class is 0.09%.
Lowlights: LifePath Index funds are strong out of the gate at the start of the glide path, relative to peers, thanks to a weighty exposure to U.S. stocks. But as the funds near their target years, they tend to lag peer funds.
An above-average measure of international stocks relative to peers hasn’t helped, as those markets have not done as well as U.S. stocks for several years. The second-biggest holding in the LifePath Index 2030 fund is a 17% stake in iShares Core MSCI Total International Stock ETF. Foreign shares won’t dawdle forever, however.
Fidelity Freedom Index
Fidelity has been proactive about making changes to its target-date funds over the years. In 2021, the firm beefed up its exposure to inflation-protected bonds, for example, and made a number of other shifts in its asset allocation. But the jury is out on whether tinkering with its strategy is paying off. Over the past three years, most of the Freedom Index funds sport annualized returns that rank below the average for their peer group.
Highlights: Freedom Index funds sport low cash positions, especially at the start of the glide path, which we view positively. We also like the healthy stock allocation relative to peers across the entire glide path.
Lowlights: The funds hold an above-average exposure to foreign shares, which has been a drag on recent returns. A nearly 10% bond allocation in the 2065 funds for investors with 40-plus years to go before retirement hasn’t helped, either.
State Street Target Retirement
Funds in this target-date series, which hold low-cost index funds, tend to be middling to below-average performers relative to their respective peer funds, depending on the target-year fund you’re comparing. We’re underwhelmed.
Highlights: The fund series boasts a low, 0.09% average net expense ratio.
Lowlights: State Street ’s funds have trailed relative to their peers, especially the longer-dated portfolios. The 2060 fund, for instance, has a 9.1% five-year annualized record, which falls behind 75% of its peers. Tilts to certain types of stocks may be the reason.
State Street’s target-date glide path has a bigger stake in small- and midsize-company U.S. stocks and in foreign stocks than the typical target-date fund, and those markets have straggled behind large-company U.S. stocks for much of the past decade. A nearly 10% starting allocation to bonds at the glide path’s start has also hurt performance in State Street’s longer-dated funds.
T. Rowe Price Retirement
Investors don’t save enough, but Price’s Retirement target-date funds have an aggressive glide path to make up for that. The portfolios have the heftiest stock allocations of all the target-date series reviewed here, starting at 97% in the 2065 fund and ending at 40% for the 2005 fund. That can make for a bumpier ride, particularly in rough markets.
But interestingly, Price’s Retirement funds, which hold mostly actively managed funds, have been less volatile over the past five years than the all- indexed State Street Target Retirement and BlackRock LifePath Index funds.
Highlights: Over the past decade, nearly all vintages of Price’s Retirement, the firm’s flagship target-date series, rank among the top 11% or better of its respective peer group (vintages 2010 through 2025 rank among the top 1%).
Much of the boost comes from the funds’ big tilt to U.S. stocks — and smaller stake in foreign shares — across their glide paths, relative to target- date funds from other firms.
Lowlights: Fees are an average 0.59% — higher than the index-based target funds, but still below average relative to all target-date mutual funds.
Vanguard Target Retirement
This target-date series is the biggest in the land. Its simplicity is a selling point—for nearly the entire glide path, the underlying holdings include just four Vanguard index funds: Total Stock Market Index, Total Bond Market Index, Total International Stock Index and Total International Bond Index.
Highlights: No surprise, this is the lowest-cost series, with a 0.08% average expense ratio.
Lowlights: Only a little bit better than average is how we would describe the long-term annualized returns of Vanguard’s target-date funds, relative to peers. A decade ago, these funds enjoyed a big advantage in low fees. That’s no longer the case.
Note: This item first appeared in Kiplinger Personal Finance Magazine, a monthly, trustworthy source of advice and guidance. Subscribe to help you make more money and keep more of the money you make here .
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