Imagine you’re crossing a road and are looking only to the left. You’ll be good for part of the road but may get hit by a car coming from the other direction. That’s kind of like doing a Roth conversion and looking only at income tax rates. You may do your math perfectly — but then realize that you unintentionally jumped into new Medicare premium brackets and possibly higher capital gains rates.
I see all sorts of articles online regarding the benefits of doing $100,000 Roth conversions over a 10-year period, which makes me think that a lot of people aren’t even evaluating income tax brackets . But that’s the best place to start when evaluating whether a Roth conversion makes sense.
Here are three thresholds you need to consider before deciding to do a Roth conversion:
1. Your income tax rate.
This is us looking left. The reality of a Roth conversion is that it’s just a bet that your current tax rate is lower than your future tax rate. If so, you’d rather pay the taxes today. If you’re in the period between retirement and when you start RMDs (required minimum distributions), this can be a pretty safe bet.
I met with a client the other day who is three years out from RMDs. Once both spouses start receiving RMDs, that will push them from the 24% marginal bracket to 32%. So, in doing the conversion calculation, we want to see how much we can convert while staying in the 24% bracket.
2. Your capital gains tax rate.
We are looking right. People talk about capital gains tax rates as though they are 15% for everyone. That is not the case. Evaluating capital gains rates is most important at low income levels and at high income levels.
When your income is very low, a Roth conversion can cause you to go from paying 0% in capital gains to paying 15% on everything. This is an expensive trigger.
Once taxable income crosses above $518,900 (S) or $583,750 (MFJ) for 2024, you jump from 15% to 20%. Less talked about is the 3.8% net investment income tax , which, as it sounds, is a tax on investment income over $200,000 for individuals and $250,000 for a married couple filing jointly.
3. Your Medicare premiums.
Finally, we are going to check the bike lane to ensure we don’t get smacked by an e-bike. Premiums for Medicare Parts B and D are income-adjusted. However, unlike the above income tests, Medicare premiums are determined by gross, not taxable, income. The Part B premiums can increase by as much as $419 per month, per person, based on income. In my experience, this is the one that upsets people the most.
To be clear, you’re not always trying to stay under every threshold. In many situations, it makes sense to pay more in Medicare premiums to avoid a much larger income tax bill down the road.
Evaluating Roth conversions in your situation requires projecting out your future tax rates; i.e., should you even be crossing the road at all? To get a sense of what your rates may look like, you can build out a free plan here .
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