The great beaver comeback

Britain's beavers were hunted to extinction 400 years ago for their lustrous fur and castoreum – a musky secretion used in perfumery until the 20th century. But in the last decade, growing numbers of the giant rodents have been spotted along the country's waterways.

At first, these "implausible sightings" were "dismissed as otters", said Tom Whipple in The Times . However, there was only so long the "nibbled branches" and "unexplained dams" could be ignored before it became obvious beavers were back.

'Beaver bombing'

Their return can be put down to a phenomenon called "beaver bombing" – covertly releasing beavers into the wild, said Patrick Barkham in The Guardian . Fed up with successive governments' failure to approve releases (despite Boris Johnson's 2021 pledge to "Build Back Beaver") conservationists have been taking matters into their own hands.

Despite "no official releases", beavers have been appearing across Somerset, Wiltshire and Gloucestershire. There's even an "established population" of around 200 beavers that have been "illegally" living "freely and largely unnoticed" in lowland Kent.

In 2022, with numbers continuing to grow, beavers were acknowledged as a native species, making it illegal to capture, kill or disturb them. While it seemed this announcement would "pave the way" for reintroductions of wild beavers, said Helen Briggs on the BBC , a strategy failed to materialise.

Instead, there have been a series of schemes across England that have seen beavers released into fenced-off sites. In 2023, London Mayor Sadiq Khan released a family of Eurasian beavers into a controlled enclosure at a nature reserve in Ealing, west London, naming one Taylor Swift because she "came back again and again for the cameras", said Ross Lydall in the London Evening Standard . This August, two "kits" arrived – the first baby beavers to be born in urban London for four centuries.

But while Khan has been vocal about his hopes for the release of beavers and further rewilding initiatives, said Helena Horton in The Guardian , it remains "unclear" whether the Labour government will put in place a reintroduction strategy.

For now, save for one "official" population of wild beavers that have been given permission to stay on the confusingly named River Otter in Devon, England's beavers are "caught in limbo", said Briggs.

'Olympic-sized swimming pools'

The benefits of beavers have been widely documented. From alleviating flooding to boosting biodiversity and improving water quality, scientific studies have shown the semi-aquatic mammals have a significant impact on their environment.

A 10-year study by the University of Exeter and Devon Wildlife Trust looking at the population of wild beavers living on the River Otter found the wetlands created by the beavers stored over 24 million litres of water – the equivalent to 10 Olympic-sized swimming pools.

But there has also been "widespread concern" from farmers around the risks of beaver dams causing "unwelcome floods" on valuable land and damage to their crops, said Barkham.

This hasn't stopped Scotland from taking steps to reintroduce wild beavers. In 2009, the Scottish government authorised the release of 11 beavers in Argyll's Knapdale Forest as part of the five-year Scottish Beaver Trial. After monitoring the study, the government decided to let the beavers stay in 2016, and three years later granted them protected species status. There are now over 1,000 beavers living in the wild in Scotland – a number that's expanding rapidly.

'Battle of the beavers'

Further afield, the "tell-tale incision marks of powerful teeth" have been found in the trees lining the banks of the Tiber River in Tuscany, said Nick Squires in The Telegraph . Like in England, "mystery" surrounds how the beavers got there; since their introduction in 2020 the population has been spreading rapidly from Lombardy to Abruzzo.

One thing is clear: whoever released them went to "great trouble" transporting the beavers from other parts of Europe before covertly releasing them into Italian rivers and streams.

A "battle of the beavers" has since broken out between conservationists and government officials who believe the "guerrilla reintroduction" of beavers could set a "dangerous precedent" for the release of other species and are looking at ways to remove the animals from the wild.

Things are different in Bavaria, said Sam Gandy in Ecohustler , where beavers and humans coexist relatively peacefully. Here, a thriving population of around 25,000 beavers live freely in the rivers, and a trained team of 1,000 volunteer "beaver consultants" work with landowners to mitigate any issues. This could offer a "future glimpse" of what a "beaver inhabited landscape" might look like.