Who Did German Americans Support During World War II?

In the highly praised HBO miniseries Band of Brothers (2001), Scott Grimes portrays Tech. Sgt. Donald Malarkey, who interrogates a captured German soldier about his background. To Malarkey's surprise, the soldier reveals that he is from Eugene, Oregon, explaining that his family moved to Germany to answer the call of their native country.

This raises an intriguing question: did any German Americans actually go back to Germany to fight for their homeland during World War II?

The exact numbers are unknown

The problem with this question is that there's no hard numbers that can be used to make a determination. There were programs and schemes prior to and during the Second World War , which encouraged ethnic Germans to return to Germany. However, the success of these approaches, in terms of enlisted soldiers, is unknown.

According to George Nafziger's The German Order of Battle: Waffen SS and Other Units In World War II , the Waffen-SS had five German Americans within its ranks during WWII. They were classified as "US Volksdeutsche ," meaning they were of German descent. In the book itself, these individuals are listed as a footnote among other data regarding the nationality of SS personnel.

Rüeckwanderer encouraged swearing an allegiance to Germany

Among the initiatives aimed at encouraging ethnic Germans was the Rüeckwanderer program, which urged individuals to visit their German consulate and pledge loyalty to Germany. They had to declare their intention to return to the country, after which they were provided with a special currency usable in Germany.

The exact number of people who returned before the program's conclusion remains unclear, as does the number who fought for the homeland.

German American Bund

The German American Bund, a group in the U.S. that supported the National Socialist German Workers' Party, managed to persuade a few German Americans to enlist in WWII on Germany’s side, but it largely fell short of its objectives.

Imitating the structure of the German government, the Bund set up numerous training camps across the country. By holding rallies and having leaders promote the Führer's anti-Communist and anti-Semitic views, the Bund aimed to spread Germany's ideology.

Fritz Julius Kuhn was imprisoned

The first leader of the German American Bund was Fritz Julius Kuhn, a WWI veteran and German-American who was later imprisoned on embezzlement charges . His arrest created disarray within the group, and the leaders who followed were much less capable than Kuhn.

The German American Bund was also closely monitored by the U.S. government, largely due to its draft evasion efforts. This scrutiny resulted in the prosecution of other leaders, with one even fleeing to Mexico to escape the authorities.

The organization's records don't indicate any propaganda urging German Americans to return to Germany. If there were any calls for them to fight for the fatherland, they did not originate from within the United States.

Many important documents didn't survive World War II

The scarcity of data might also stem from where Germany suffered its heaviest losses: the Eastern Front. It seems improbable that the Soviets paid much attention to the citizenship status of the German soldiers they killed or captured as prisoners of war . Their main focus was that these soldiers were German.

Another reason for the lack of records could be the wartime conditions. Bombings targeted cities that housed documents on immigration and soldier repatriation. These documents were likely destroyed during the conflict, as they may not have been seen as important at the time.

These documents would have been the only records of German Americans who went back to Germany to fight in WWII. The only other potential source of documentation would be if these individuals returned to the US or were tracked by the Allies. Upon their return to America, they would have had to account for their activities and whereabouts during the war.

Martin James Monti deserted the USAAF and the Waffen-SS

There were a few cases where non-German Americans joined the German military. The most famous was Martin James Monti, a second lieutenant within the US Army Air Forces (USAAF).

Monti grew up listening to radio broadcasts by Roman Catholic priest Charles Coughlin, who spoke highly of Germany and Italy's fascist governments. He was commissioned as a flight officer into the USAAF in early 1944, and while stationed in Italy he stole a Lockheed P-5E Lightning . He flew to Milan, where he surrendered to the Germans.

The aircraft was tested by the Luftwaffe 's Zirkus Rosarius unit and Monti was given a spot in the SS ' propaganda unit, in Berlin. While on the radio, he spoke under an alias. Outside of these duties, he also helped create a propaganda leaflet that was handed out to Allied POWs.

In 1945, aware of Germany's imminent defeat, Monti fled Berlin. At first, the Allies believed him to be a German POW, but under interrogation he revealed he'd deserted the USAAF. He claimed to have stolen the P-5E because he was "bored," adding he did so to "personally fight the Germans himself." He said he'd been shot down during his flight and wound up joining a partisan group.

Martin James Monti's sentence was suspended

Martin James Monti's story was believed by Americans, leading to his court-martial on charges of desertion and theft. While initially sentenced to 15 years imprisonment, which was later waived by President Harry Truman , on the condition Monti re-enlist in the USAAF. Monti complied and received an honorable discharge in January 1948.

Immediately after his discharge, Monti was apprehended by the FBI for his involvement in propaganda activities in Germany. This led to his indictment on 21 counts of treason, to which he confessed, resulting in a 25-year prison sentence. He served his term in Kansas, at one point attempting to retract his confession, alleging coercion by his legal counsel.

Monti's appeal was ultimately dismissed and he remained in prison until he was paroled in 1960.

Donald Malarkey said the encounter in Band of Brothers did occur

The WWII-era German-American POW depicted in Band of Brothers is believed to have been based on a real person. The real-life Donald Malarkey later recalled the incident did occur, although there are no after-action reports to corroborate his story.

Malarkey served as a non-commissioned officer with Easy Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division . He participated in several engagements during WWII, including Mission Albany , Operation Market Garden and the Battle of Bastogne .

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The truth is we'll likely never actually know how many German Americans went to fight for Germany during WWII. We'll also never know how common such a decision was among the 1.2 million individuals of German descent who lived in the US at the start of the conflict.