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War History Online
The Japanese Marshal Admiral Behind The Pearl Harbor Attack Had Unexpected American Connections
By Todd Neikirk,
1 day ago
Isoroku Yamamoto had several deep connections with the United States. During his time studying and serving as a naval attaché in Washington, DC , this officer of the Imperial Japanese Navy immersed himself in American culture. Although he held the US military in high regard and had personal experiences in America, Yamamoto himself carefully devised the strategy for the infamous attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941.
The future admiral was born Isoroku Takano in 1884. His father, a mid-ranking samurai, was 56 years old at the time. In 1916, Takano was formally adopted by the Yamamoto family, a clan of higher samurai standing, following a customary practice used throughout Japan when a family lacked suitable male heirs. As a result, he took on the Yamamoto surname.
In 1904, Yamamoto graduated from the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy and participated in the Russo-Japanese War . He was injured during the Battle of Tsushima , losing the index and middle fingers on his left hand. His performance earned recognition from his superiors, allowing him to rise swiftly through the ranks.
By 1916, he had become a lieutenant commander, and, three years later, he was promoted to commander.
Experience in the US, rivalry with the Japanese Army
Yamamoto Isoroku, Admiral and Commander-in-chief of the Japanese Fleet, receives a medal, circa 1940. (Photo Credit: Bettmann / Getty Images)
Yamamoto spent a fair amount of time in the US during the 1920s and '30s. He was a student at Harvard University from 1919-21. He also had two postings as a naval attaché in America, where he learned to speak fluent English. Yamamoto created controversy in 1937 when he apologized to the US for Japan's 1937 bombing of the gunboat USS Panay .
The Imperial Japanese Army was significantly more aggressive and pro-war than its Navy , and was angered by Yamamoto's opposition to a pact with Germany and Italy. Following his apology to the US, he received death threats, to which he said :
"To die for Emperor and Nation is the highest hope of a military man. After a brave hard fight the blossoms are scattered on the fighting field. But if a person wants to take a life instead, still the fighting man will go to eternity for Emperor and country. One man's life or death is a matter of no importance. All that matters is the Empire."
Attack on Pearl Harbor
USS West Virginia and USS Tennessee on fire during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. (Photo Credit: US Navy / Interim Archives / Getty Images)
Yamamoto climbed the ranks of the Japanese military through a methodical and intentional approach, achieving the rank of Admiral in November 1940. Despite encountering opposition from certain members of the Army, he was able to gain the respect of his sailors and the support of the Imperial family.
His hesitation to engage with the United States was rooted in his belief that Japan did not have the resources for a drawn-out conflict, which shaped his strategy for the Pearl Harbor attack.
Yamamoto aimed to incapacitate the United States by delivering a heavy blow to its Navy in one fell swoop. The Pearl Harbor attack was a tactical victory for Japan, with multiple waves of bombers causing serious damage, sinking four American battleships, and destroying 188 aircraft. However, despite its tactical success, the attack sparked widespread anger among the American public, leading the nation to enter the war it had initially tried to avoid.
Battle of Midway and Yamamoto's death
Artist's impression of the Battle of Midway, June 1942. (Photo Credit: Hulton Archive / Getty Images)
Despite initial Japanese successes after Pearl Harbor, Yamamoto advocated for continued attacks on the US Fleet. The Battle of Midway in June 1942 was intended to maintain Japanese offensive momentum. However, prior to the operation, US forces were able to break the Japanese Naval Code . This intelligence allowed Admiral Chester Nimitz to prepare effectively, resulting in a decisive US victory that shifted the course of the war.
Following setbacks and defeats at Guadalcanal and Midway, Yamamoto embarked on a morale-building tour for his forces. US intelligence intercepted and decrypted details of his itinerary, enabling American pilots to shoot down his plane on April 18, 1943. Posthumously, Yamamoto was honored with the title of Marshal Admiral and awarded the Order of the Chrysanthemum by Japan. Additionally, he received Germany's Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.
Yamamoto's legacy
Military portrait of Isoroku Yamamoto. (Photo Credit: National Diet Library / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain)
Yamamoto has been featured in a number of films about Pearl Harbor and World War II . Moviegoers may remember him for the Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970) line that he may or may not have uttered: "I fear that all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant and fill him with a terrible resolve." The line was also referenced in 2001's Pearl Harbor .
Historians, however, are not sure he ever actually made this observation.
Yamamoto was also portrayed by legendary actor, Toshiro Mifune, in three separate films: Rengo Kantai Ichokan Yamamoto Isoroku (1968), Gekido no showashi 'Gunbatsu' (1970) and Midway (1976).
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